备考普通专升本：英语语法之独立主格结构的用法

    独立主格结构只是一个小短语，而不是主谓完整的简单句，又称之为独立分词构句。当分词意义上的主语不是主句的主语时，必须在分词前保留意义上的主语，否则语意不通。
 
    1． 独立主结构形式可用以表时间，理由，条件，伴随状态等。
    He lay on the grass, the sun shining upon him.
    = He lay on the grass, and the sun was shining upon him.
    Weather permitting, I'll start tomorrow.
    = If weather permits, I'll start tomorrow.
    School being over, the boys went home.
    = When school was over, the boys went home.
    The sun having set, we arrived at the station.
    = After the sun had set, we arrived at the station.
    重点：当独立主格结构的主语表示“一般人”，如：we, one, you时，主语可省略，此用法常用于下列表达方式中：generally speaking 一般来说strictly speaking 严格地-talking of ... 谈到-speaking of ... 说到judging from ... 由……来判断taking all things into consideration 把一切都考虑在内considering ... 考虑到……
    [示例]If we judge from his face, he must be ill.
    = Judging from his face, he must be ill.
    He has lots of books if we consider that he is young.
    = He has lots of books, considering that he is young.
    2．with 复合结构也是独立主格结构形式之一。这种结构在句中作状语（表示原因，方式，伴随等）和定语，作定语时紧随被修饰名词后。
    (1) with+ 名词 + 介词短语
    The woman with a baby on her back is my sister.
    The boy rushed into the room, with his schoolbag in his hand.
    (2) with + 名词 + adj.
    with the door open, he left the classroom.
    (3) with + 名词 + adv.
    With the gloves off, she felt cold.
    With the lights on, the building looks beautiful.
    (4) with + 名词 + 现在分词（主动）   with + 名词 + 过去分词（被动）
    With the guide leading us, we got to the village.
    The boy was crying with the vase broken.
    (5) with + 名词 + 不定式
    With the hard work to be done, we have to prepare for it.